1. The Scott Specialized catalog has pretty extensive lists of the major shades for each number. Anything more specific you'd have to find works for a specific stamp. As for colors themselves, see the USPCS site like this page for the 3c 1851 issue:
https://www.uspcs.org/stamps-covers...-11-and-11a/ . There is the
Encyclopedia of the Colors of United States Stamps, R.H. White (ed.) that is out of print and very expensive and also not complete.
2. Maybe you are thinking of the lake shades of the 2c stamps of the 1920s and 1930s?
3. There are many threads involving colors. It's probably best to search based on a Scott number. Be prepared for unending disagreement about color and color perception in many threads.