The tools for linear measurement I see mentioned on this site include,
rulers
templates: made from cutting away parts of actual stamps
calipers
The last one is not clear to me, and I would like to see what you are referring to. Could someone post a pic of their caliper device?
For many years I have been using a compass to help measure a gap, and recently acquired an electronic measuring compass with three scales calibrated in metric, to a tenth of a millimeter, and in inches (digital/decimal and fractional). Mine goes by the brand name "Digicompass." Here is a quick and dirty scan to give the general impression:

This device is not called a caliper and I wish to distinguish it from whatever people are using that is called by that name. This is a digital measuring compass.
I use it for measuring anything for which a template cannot be made, such as grills, specific short distances within a design (e.g. vignette frame), or the dimensions of a defect or anomaly. The thing that distinguishes it from a caliper, as I have known the latter, is that it uses very sharp needle points at the business end of the tool. It would be easy to inflict damage to a stamp with this tool, so it is not for the faint of heart or unsteady of hand.
However, when used in conjunction with a magnifying glass or other lens I will contend that with this tool you can take measurements that are as precise as what you can do with a template, and get an actual numeric readout. That is very useful for gathering data in research; less so for simply identifying a stamp.
After I see some other tools people are using perhaps we can comment on technique.