pmann, the image from the Smithsonian study is misleading. The images of the four stamps are from different sources, so do not represent real comparisons. You can see this in the tone of the paper in each image; one is yellowish, one violet, one pale white and one grayish.
In the image below, both stamps coming from the Philatelic Foundation database, the left stamp is a certified #233a (probably the Bright Blue) and the right stamp is a certified #233, ultramarine shade. These images were taken about 4000 submittals apart but presumably utilizing the same equipment. I am cautious in that last statement because it seems that higher resolution images are made for rare items than for common material, so the blue error may be a photograph instead of a scan, for example. Anyway, note how much more similar the bright blue shade is to a strong ultra than appears to be so in the Smithsonian study:
